Cancer is a name for a collection of diseases that make the body cells to begin dividing incessantly and spreading into surrounding tissues. These cells continue becoming abnormal making the damaged or old cells to survive rather than die and formation of new unneeded cells. Gene mutations that lead to cancer can occur at birth, but most occur after birth and are not hereditary.

Cancer research is essential in enhancing understanding for the deadly disease and development of better more efficient treatment.

Cancer is likely to be old as human beings, but it is only in recent years that there have been advances in the ability to research, test and treat cancer. These are the advances in cancer treatment helping to increase the life expectancy and cure for those with cancer.

Discovery of Molecular Cancer Biomarkers

Molecular cancer biomarker -cancer "addictive" oncogenes has created the way for personalized therapy. Cancer diagnosis by biomarker significantly improves early diagnosis and treatment. Before, the common approach to identify genetic mutations or tumor-specific overexpressed proteins has been genomic screening which bought a concern for therapeutic resistance by the cancer cells. Therapeutic targeting of the protein biomarkers may lead to better clinical outcomes.

Biosensors have a crucial role in detecting biomarkers as they are simpler to use and analyzing in real time. They are also portable. The design for biosensors is detected protein and nucleic acid-based cancer biomarkers for diagnosis.

It emphasizes the different approaches of using electrochemical, mass-based transduction and optical systems for cancer biomarker detection. Cancer biomarker bases tests help in detection of cancer activity. They rely on levels of specific proteins as early indicators of progression or reoccurrence. For instance, the primary role of CA 125 is monitoring response to treatment and checking for a recurrence of ovarian cancer.

Immunotherapy

One of the advances in cancer research is immunotherapy a type of treatment boosting the natural defenses of the body to fight cancer. It is also biological therapy. Immunotherapy uses substances grown in the body or in a lab to improve and restore the functioning of the immune system.

It functions differently from the two common treatments for, radiation and chemotherapy. Both operate by exposing the patient to high doses of radiation to prevent the spread of cancer cells by metastasis. Although the treatment could help to halt the spread of infected cells, it has much side effects such as Nausea, vomiting, extreme fatigue, pain, fertile problems and increasing flexibility to other infections.

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How does immunotherapy work

Immunotherapy works in the following ways:

• Stops or slows growth of cancerous cells
• Prevents spread of cancer to other uninfected body parts
• Helps the immune system to destroy the cancer cells better

Advantages of immunotherapy

Many doctors think that immunotherapy is a better choice in fighting cancer than other methods due to the features.

• It may work better when other treatments fail such as some cancer like skin cancer that does not respond well to chemotherapy or radiation.
• Helps other cancer treatments to function better
• Causes fewer side effects as its target are just the immune system and not all the body cells. It will have some side effects, but these will ease after the first treatment. The common are fever, rash, fatigue, dizziness and flu-like symptoms.
• Cancer cells are unlikely to return as immunotherapy trains the immune system to fight the cancer cells if they return. The approach is called immuno memory and helps to stay cancer-free for a more extended period.

The breakthrough in advancing cancer testing, testing and new treatment method immunotherapy provides new hope to find an efficient way of managing, curing and preventing the disease.